Here you have a retina.

The retina chip extracts four different kinds of information.

And now today we have the modern multi channel cochlear implant, which is an outpatient procedure.

In other words, we're not literally replacing the components of the retina.

So you have an image, a retina, and a brain.

But here is that same girl who is implanted now.

Girl I just take off my CI, and I don't hear anything.

And then the transducer then makes the output cells send the code on up to the brain, and the result is a retinal prosthetic that can produce normal retinal output.

We've just abstracted what the retina's doing with a set of equations.

The image projected in the retina is inverted.

This implant is not transmitting the quality of music that usually provides things like warmth.

He's deaf, and he learned to play the piano after he received the cochlear implant.

The retina chip that we designed sits behind this lens here.

But when it's moving back and forth, the retina picks up these changes.

Can we reconstruct what the retina was seeing from the responses from the firing patterns?

This experience taught me to empathize more with my patients, and especially those with retinal diseases.

So if we had to design a perfect cochlear implant, what we would try to do is target it to be able to allow music transmission.

And who knows, maybe in another 10 years we'll be here with the ultimate sixth sense brain implant.

So for whatever reason, this implant is not successfully stimulating auditory cortices during melody perception.

What you notice here is that these snapshots taken from the output of the retina chip are very sparse, right?

So what we did is we took a moment in time from these recordings and asked, what was the retina seeing at that moment?

Truth of the matter is you can play the piano without a cochlear implant, because all you have to do is press the keys at the right time.

When this first came out, it was just a really exciting thing, the idea that you even make a blind retina respond at all.

But sometime ago, through the help of an opthamologist colleague of mine, Carmen Puliafito, who developed a laser scanner of the retina, I found out the the following.

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So on the left is the encoder alone, and on the right is from an actual blind retina, so the encoder and the transducer.

Images will be written directly to our retina, providing full immersion virtual reality, augmented real reality. We'll be interacting with virtual personalities.

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And so the encoder does just what I was saying it mimics the actions of the front end circuitry so it takes images in and converts them into the retina's code.

Light enters, hits the back of the retina, and is circulated, most of which is streamed to the very back of the brain, at the primary visual cortex.

As a musician, I can tell you that if I had to have a cochlear implant, I'd be heartbroken. I'd just be plainly heartbroken, because I know that music would never sound the same to me.

And I'm going to show you a system that we designed to model the retina, which is a piece of brain that lines the inside of your eyeball.

So a completely blind retina, even one with no front end circuitry at all, no photoreceptors, can now send out normal signals, signals that the brain can understand.

And so, in a way, the equations are serving as sort of a codebook. An image comes in, goes through the set of equations, and out comes streams of electrical pulses, just like a normal retina would produce.

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And the chip I'm going to show you a video that the silicon retina put out of its output when it was looking at Kareem Zaghloul, who's the student who designed this chip.

So when you look at something, like this image of this baby's face, it goes into your eye and it lands on your retina, on the front end cells here, the photoreceptors.

So what it's doing is, it's replacing the retinal circuitry, really the guts of the retinal circuitry, with a set of equations, a set of equations that we can implement on a chip. So it's just math.

Then what happens is the retinal circuitry, the middle part, goes to work on it, and what it does is it performs operations on it, it extracts information from it, and it converts that information into a code.

Later, they find out that this nurse is from Concordia and her name is Elena Salazar, and she had come to ask Dr. Vaughn to perform an operation to replace an implant in her pancreas.

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Now if you look at the brain of an individual who has a cochlear implant and you have them listen to speech, have them listen to rhythm and have them listen to melody, what you find is that the auditory cortex is the most active during speech.

Instead of doing this in software, or doing those kinds of algorithms, we went and talked to neurobiologists who have actually reverse engineered that piece of brain that's called the retina.

and many more worldwide who are blind or are facing blindness due to diseases of the retina, diseases like macular degeneration, and there's little that can be done for them.