They are faced with the choice of connecting a few places to most inputs and getting high productivity there, or putting some of the inputs in all places and getting very little productivity growth everywhere.

And yet, without these public inputs, the industries that depend on them cannot succeed.

A shortage of any of these inputs can have disastrous effects on productivity.

Technological innovation and recyclable inputs can make a huge difference to the way the world produces and consumes.

Inputs, such as energy, minerals, and water, must be made available at competitive prices.

Business schools teach their students to capture the maximum surplus in the value chain by focusing on inputs that are difficult for others to provide while ensuring that other inputs are commoditized and hence cannot capture more than their opportunity cost.

Of course , the cost of inputs to production also influences price developments .

The shortage of health workers, facilities, and supplies prevented many people from receiving treatment, allowing the virus to spread further.

In China, labor inputs have fallen as a result of declining fertility and an aging population.

Improving road and rail capacity enables farmers to reach buyers and fertilizer and other agricultural inputs to reach farmers.

Poor countries would receive prompt and predictable financing for agricultural inputs from a single account, rather than from dozens of distinct and fragmented donors.

To address the problem requires investing in inclusion, endowing people with skills, and connecting them to the inputs and networks that can make them productive.

Finally, Western companies should be willing to supply inputs to Chinese businesses selling innovative products.

The other problem of modern production is how to distribute the income generated by all of the complementary inputs.

There, Betsey has a pair of, um, endowments that mean that she s better at inputs.

There are many ways that this can be done, including reducing the cost of domestic inputs and services through targeted investments in infrastructure.

Suppose John had driven Nicholas out of business by importing higher quality inputs from Germany?

Both are related to a similar feature of modern production the fact that it requires many complementary inputs.

For more conventional value chains, the surplus tends to go to the inputs that have greater market power.

The dilemma is that poor countries lack the means to connect all places to all inputs.

The TPP could help change this by easing trade in intermediate inputs and helping build Pacific wide value chains.

China has witnessed rapid growth in the processing trade assembling intermediate inputs imported from countries like the US and Japan that have high capital and skill content.

This complementarity makes many parts of the developing world unsuitable for modern production, because key inputs are missing.

Intermediate inputs comprise around 28 of global exports, but 40 of China s total exports.

Mexico has also profited from the rise of just in time production in the US, which puts a premium on proximity and ready access to imported inputs.

As the introduction of agrochemical inputs into ecosystems may cause irremediable damages, plant protection products authorisations and use is an essential prerequisite for the biological diversity.

Poor farmers were told to fend for themselves, to let market forces provide for inputs.

This means that policies aimed at ensuring an equitable outcome should rely on either owning or taxing the inputs that capture the team surplus.

As the world's leading trader and investor, our openness allows lower cost inputs for industry, lower prices for consumers, a competitive stimulus for business, and new investment.

The result is a grain yield (for example, maize) that is roughly one third less than what could be achieved with better farm inputs.

Many multinational US companies have located plants in Mexico as part of their overall production process, which is closely tied to inputs sourced domestically.

Inside the plant, designer yeast cells transform the carbon dioxide released during the coal s combustion into raw materials for floor tiles and other construction supplies.

Such a global resource could underpin the development of a comprehensive strategy to address the next outbreak, including a plan for putting health workers and supplies on the ground quickly.

During Japan s economic boom, its total factor productivity (TFP, or the efficiency with which inputs are used) contributed about 40 to GDP growth.

By building up savings over a few years, the farmers eventually become creditworthy, or have enough cash to purchase vitally necessary inputs on their own.

In this context, if markets are characterized by what economists call perfect competition, once the opportunity cost of all inputs has been paid, there is nothing left to distribute.

7. Requests the Committee to examine the contributions that could be made by space science and technology and their applications to one or more of the issues selected by the Commission on Sustainable Development as a thematic cluster and to provide substantive inputs for consideration by the Commission

For example, the triangular trade model whereby China imports significant quantities of intermediate inputs from East Asian countries like Japan and South Korea, then exports the assembled products to the US allows for substantial redundancy in trade records.

As the world's leading trader and investor, its openness allows lower cost inputs for industry, lower prices and a wider choice for consumers, a competitive stimulus for business, and new investment.

As the world's leading trader and investor, our openness allows lower cost inputs for industry, lower prices for consumers, a competitive stimulus for business, and new investment.

Emphasizing the promotion of programmes aimed at financial intermediation with a view to ensuring the access of rural women to credit and to agricultural inputs and implements and, in particular, to easing collateral requirements for access to finance by women,

Emphasizing the promotion of programmes aimed at financial intermediation, with a view to ensuring the access of rural women to credit and to agricultural inputs and implements and, in particular, to easing collateral requirements for access to finance by women,

At Community level, access to the single market has been made easier, the availability of cost effective inputs has been improved, competition policies fostered, and conditions for entrepreneurship and for the growth of new ventures strengthened.

Second, because most exporters also import intermediate inputs that are priced in dollars, exchange rate fluctuations have a limited impact on their costs and thus on their incentive to change dollar prices.

Particularly valuable would be straightening out the spaghetti bowl of rules of origin the regulations dictating when inputs produced in other countries can be used in products that will qualify for free trade benefits.